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Can, could and (be) able to
| Can | Could | (be) able to |
| can + infinitive Something is possible or allowed,or somebody has the ability to do something. We can see the lake from our hotel. 'I don't have a pen.' 'You can use mine.' Can you speak any foreign languages? can't (=cannot) I can't sleep. Tom can come tomorrow. She can speak French, Spanish, and English. |
Sometimes could is the past of can. Use especially with see / hear / smell / taste / feel / remember / understand We had a lovely room in the hotel. We could see the lake. As soon as I walked into the room, I could smell gas. Use could to say that somebody had the general ability or permission to do something. My grandfather could speak five languages. We were totally free. We could do what we want.(= we were allowed to do) |
Somebody is able to do something, but can is more usual. We are able to see the lake from our hotel. I haven't been able to sleep recently. Tom might be able to come tomorrow. Applicants for the job must be able to speak two foreign languages. |
| We use could for general ability. But if you want to say somebody did something in a specific situation, use was/were able to or managed to. The fire spread through the building very quickly, but fortunately everybody was able to escape / managed to escape. |
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| Tom was an excellent tennis player when he was younger. He could beat anybody. (= he had the general ability to beat anybody) | Tom and Logan played a match yesterday. Logan played well, but Tom managed to beat him. (= he managed to beat him this time) | |
| The negative couldn't (could not) is possible in all situations. We looked for Emma everywhere, but we couldn't find her. Logan played well, but he couldn't beat Tom. |
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+ 표현 정리
I used to be able to stand on my head, but I can't do it any more.
I can't understand Tom. I've never been able to understand him.
I can't see you on Friday, but I can meet you on Saturday morning.
Ask Emma about your problem. She might be able to help you.
I'm afraid I can't come to your party next week.
'Are you in a hurry?' 'No, I've got plenty of time. I can wait.'
I was feeling sick yeaterday. I couldn't eat anyting.
I looked everywhere for the book, but I couldn't find it.
They didn't want to come with us at first, but we managed to persuade them.
I wanted to buy some tomatoes. The first shop I went to didn't have any, but I managed to get some in the next shop.
A girl fell into the rive, but fortunately we managed to pull her out.
I had forgotten to bring my camera, so I couldn't take any pictures.
Could (do) and could have (done)
| Could (do) | Could have (done) |
| Could is the past of can. Use could to talk about possible actions now or in the future (especially to make suggestion). Can is also possible in these sentences. Could is less sure than can. 'What shall we do tonight?' 'We could go to the cinema.' 'When do you go to Paris next month, you could stay with Emma.' 'Yes, I suppose I could.' Use could to say that something (a situation or a happening) is possible now or in the future. The meaning is similar to might or may. I don't know what time Emma is coming. She could get here at any time. Can vs Could The weather can change very quickly in the mountains. ( in general) The weather is nice now, but it could change. (the weather now, not in general) |
Use could have (done) to talk about the past. I was so tired, I could have slept for a week. The situatio was bad, but it could have been worse. Something could have happened = it was possible but did not happen. Tom was lucky. He could have hurt himself when he fell, but he's OK. Use couldn't to say that something would not be possible. I couldn't live in a big city. I'd hate it. (= it wouldn't be possible for me) Everything is fine right now. Things couldn't be better. For the past, use couldn't have (done) We had a really good holiday. It couldn't have been better. |
+ 표현 정리
It's a nice day. We can go for a walk.
It's so nice here. I can stay here all day, but unfortunately I have to go.
Tom is a keen musician. He playes the fluete and he can also play the piano.
Be careful climbing that tree. You could fall.
'Have you seen this job advertised in the paper? You could apply for it.' 'What sort of job? Show me the advertisement.'
'I got very wet walking home in the rain last night.' 'Why did you walk? You could have got taken a taxi.'
That was nice of you, but I couldn't have come anyway. I was sway all last week.
Must vs can't
| Must | Can't |
| Must + be 형용사 / be -ing / 동사원형 Use must to say that you believe something is certain. You've been travelling all day. You must be tired. 'Tom is a hard worker.' 'Tom? You must be joking. He doesn't do anything.' Emma must get very bored in her job. She does the same thing every day. |
Can't + be 형용사 / be -ing / 동사원형 Use can't to say that you believe something is not pissible. You've just had lunch. You can't be hungry already. They haven't lived here for very long. They can't know many people. |
| Must have (done) | Can't have (done) |
| Must have + been 형용사 / been -ing / p.p. Must have (done) is the past of must. 'We used to live very near the motorway.' 'Did you? It must have been noisy.' 'I've lost one of my gloves.' 'You must have dropped it somewhere.' |
Can't have + been 형용사 / been -ing / p.p. Can't have(done) is the past of can't. Emma hasn't contacted me. She can't have got my message. Tom walked into a wall. He can't have been looking where he was going. You can use couldn't have instead of can't have. Emma couldn't have got my message. Tom couldn't have been looking where he was going. |
+ 표현 정리
I'm sure I gave you the key. You must have it. Have you looked in your bag?
It rained every day during their holiday, so they can't have had a very nice time.
Congratulations on passing your exam. You must be very pleased.
You got here very quickly. You must have walked very fast.
Emma and Jessie always stay at luxury hotels, so they can't be short of money.
I've lost one of my gloves. I must have dropped it somewhere.
I left my bike outside the house last night and now it's gone. Somebody must have taken it.
'How old is Tom?' 'He's older than me. He must be at least 30.'
I didn't hear the phone ring. I must have been asleep.
I'm sure you know this song. You must have heard it before.
My neighbours must have been having a party.
The driver can't have seen the red light.
May and might
may/might (not) + be 형용사 / be -ing / 동사원형
Use may or might to say that something is possible. Usually you can use may or might.
It may/might be true.
She might/may know.
But we use only might when the situation is not real.
If they paid me better, I might work harder.
(The situation here is not real because they do not pay me well,
so I'm not going to work harder.)
Use may/might to talk about possible actions or happenings in the future.
I haven't decided yet where to go on holiday. I may go to Ireland.
Take an umbrella with you. It might rain later.
The bus isn't always on time. We might have to wait a few minutes.
Will and may/might
It'll be late this evening. (for sure)
I may/might be late this evening. (possible)
The negative forms are may not and might not(= mightn't)
It may/might not be true.
She might/may not work here any more.
Emma may not go out tonight. She isn't feeling well.
may/might (not) have + be 형용사 / be -ing / 동사원형
For the past we use may have (done) or might have (done).
'I wonder why Emma didn't answer her phone.' 'She may have been asleep.'
'I wonder why Tom was in such a bad mood yesterday.' 'He may not have been feeling well.'
Could is similar to may/might.
It's a strange story, but it could be true.
You could have left your phone at work.
Couldn't is different from may/might not.
Emma couldn't have got my message. Otherwise she would have replied.
(= it is not possible that she got my message)
I wonder why Emma hasn't replied to my message. I suppose she might not have got it.
(= it's possible that she didn't get it - so perhaps she did, perhaps she didn't)
may/might be -ing
Use may/might be -ing for possible plans.
Don't phone at 8.30. I might be watching the football on TV.
I might be going to Ireland soon.
might/may as well + 동사원형
We might/may as well do something
(= We should do it because there is no bettter alternative.
There is no reason not to do it.)
'What time are you going out?' 'Well, I'm ready, so I might as well go now.'
Buses are no expensive these days, you might as well get a taxi.
We'll have to wait an hour for the next bus. We might as well walk.
I'm not doing anything else, so I might as well go to the party.
+ 표현 정리
I'm not sure. He might be having lunch.
I can't see her. She may not be here yet.
He might have gone shopping.
He might have gone to bed early.
He couldn't have tried very hard. I was in my office all day.
'Where are you going to hang that picture?' 'I haven't made up my mind yet. I might hang it in the dining room.'
Don't make too much noise. You might wake the baby.
Be careful of that dog. It might bite you.
Don't throw that letter away. We might need it later.
Be careful. The footpath is very icy. You might slip.
Don't let the children play in this room. They might break something.
Tell me about your problem. I might be able to help you.
I'm not free this evening, but I might be able to meet you tomorrow.
I don't know if I'll be free on Sunday. I might have to work.
I can come to the meeting, but I might have to leave before the end.
Let me have a look. I might be able to fix it.
We might not be able to get tickets for the game.
Tom might not be able to go out with us tonight.
We might as well paint the bathroom. There's plenty of paint left.
I might as well watch the film. There's nothing else to do.
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