Relative clauses(관계사절)

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Relative clauses

A clause is a part of a sentence. A relative clause tells us which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker means:
The woman who lives next door ... ('who lives next door' tells us which woman)
People who live in the country ... ('who live in the country' tells us what kind of people)

We use who in a relative clause when we are talking about people (not things).
The woman - she lives next door - is a doctor → The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
What was the name of the person who phoned?
Anyone who wants to apply for the job must do so by Friday.

You can also use that (instead of who), but you can't use which for people. Sometimes you must use who for people.
The woman that lives next door is a doctor.

When we are talking about things, we use that or which in a relative clause. That is more usual than which, but sometimes you must use which.
where is the cheese? - it was in the fridge → Where is the cheese that/which was in the fridge?
I don't like stories that/which have unhappy endings.

Remember that in relative clauses we use who / that / which, not he / she / they / it.
'Who's that woman?' 'She lives next door to me.'
I've never spoken to the woman who lives next door.

What = 'the thing(s) that'. Compare what and that.
What happened was my fault. (= the thing that happened)
vs
Everything that happened was my fault.

Where is the cheese that was in the fridge?
→ The cheese was in the fridge - that (= the cheese) is the subject
You must use who / that / which when it is the subject of the relative clause. So you cannot say 'Where is the cheese was in the fridge?'.

Sometimes who / that / which is the object of the verb.
The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday.
→ I wanted to see the woman. - who(= the woman) is the object, I is the subject

When who / that / which is the object, you can leave it out.
The woman I wanted to see was away.

Note the position of prepositions (in / to / for etc.) in relative clauses.
Tom is talking to a woman - do you know her?
→ Do you know the woman who/that Tom is talking to?
I slept in a bed last night - it. wasn't very comfortable
→ The bed (that/which) I slept in last night wasn't very comfortable.

Are these the books you were looking for?
The man I was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time.

You cannot use what in sentences like these.
Everything (that) they said was true.

What = the thing(s) that
Did you hear what they said? (= the things that they said)

We use whose in relative clauses instead of his / her / their.
we help some people - their car had broken down.
→ We helped some people whose car had broken down.

We use whose mostly for people.
What's the name of the man whose car you borrowed?
I met someone whose brother I went to school with.

Compare who and whose.
I met a man who knows you. (he knows you)
I met a man whose sister knows you. (his sister knows you)

Whom is possible instead of who when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
Tom is a person whom I admire very much. (I admire him)

You can also use whom with a preposition (to whom / from whom / with whom etc.)
I like the people with whom I work. (I work with them)

Whom is a formal word and we do not often use it in this way. We usually prefer who or that, or nothing.
... a person who/that I admire a lot / ... a person I admire a lot
... the people who/that I work with / ... the people I work with

You can use where in a relative clause to talk about a place.
the restaurant - we had lunch there- it was near the airport
→ The restaurant where we had lunch was near the airport.

I recently went back to the town where I grew up.
I would like to live in a place where there is plenty of sunshine.

the day / the year / the time etc. + something happens or that something happens.
I can't meet you on Friday. That's the day (that) I'm going away.
The last time (that) I saw Emma, she looked great.

the reason + something happens or that/why something happens
The reason I'm phoning is to ask your advice.

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