Short forms

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Short forms

In spoken English we usually say I'm / you've / didn't etc. (short forms or contractions) rather than I am / you have / did not etc. We also use these short forms in informal writing (for example, a letter or message to a friend)

When we write short forms, we use an apostrophe (') for the missing letter(s).

I'm = I am. you've = you have. didn't = did not

'm = am	I'm
's = is or has		he's	she's	it's
're = are					you're	we're	they're
've = have	I've				you've	we've	they've
'll = will	I'll	he'll	she'll		you'll	we'll	they'll
'd = would or had	I'd	he'd	she'd		you'd	we'd	they'd

's can be is or has.

She's ill. (= She is ill.)

She's gone away. (= She has gone)

but let's = let us.

Let's go now. (= Let us go)

'd can be would or had.

I'd see a doctor if I were you. (= I would see)

I'd never seen her before. (= I had never seen)

We use some of these shorts forms (especially 's) after question words (who / what etc.) and after that / there / here.

who's what's where's how's that's there's here's who'll there'll who'd

Who's that woman over there? (= who is)

What's happened? (= what has)

Do you think there'll be many people at the party? (= there will)

We also use short forms (especially 's) after a noun.

Emma's going out tonight. (= Emma is)

My best friend's just got married. (= My best friend has)

You cannot use 'm / 's / 're / 've / 'll / 'd at the end of a sentence (because the verb is stressed in this position)

'Are you tired?' 'Yes, I am.'

Do you know where he is?

Negative short forms

isn't (= is not) aren't (= are not) wasn't (= was not) weren't (= were not)	don't (= do not) doesn't (= does not) didn't (= did not)	haven't (= have not) hasn't (= has not) hadn't (= had not)
can't (= cannot) won't (= will not) shan't (= shall not)	couldn't (= could not) wouldn't (= would not) shouldn't (= should not)	mustn't (= must not) needn't (= need not) daren't (= dare not)