안녕 여러분~
지난 게시글에서는
현재와 과거형에 대해 공부했어요
오늘은 현재 완료형과 과거형에 대해 다뤄볼 거예요
그동안 영어공부를 하며 시제가 가장 어려웠고,
그중 한국에는 없는?! 시제인
현재 완료나 과거완료형이 정말 헷갈렸어요
헷갈리는 만큼
꾸준히 반복적으로 공부해야겠어요ㅎㅎ
Present perfect
현재 완료형
have/has + past participle(=p.p.)
p.p. = '동사원형 + ed' or '불규칙 동사'
He has lost his key.
= He lost it recently and he still doesn't have it.
Something has happened.(new information)
Ow! I've cut my finger.
The road is closed. There's been(=there has been) an accident.
There is a connection with now. The action in the past has a result now.
He told me his name, but I've forgotten it. (= I can't remember it now)
'Is Tom here?' 'No, he's gone out.' (= he is out now)(He went out.(과거형) 사용 가능)
gone (to) vs been (to)(=visited)
Tom is on holiday. He has gone to Italy. (= he is there now or on his way there)
Emma is back home now. She has been to Italy. (= she has now come back)
'just, already, yet'과 함께 사용
Just = a short time ago
'Are you hungry?' 'No, I've just had lunch.'(I just had lunch.(과거형) 사용 가능)
Already = something happened sooner than expected
'What time is Tom leaving?' 'He's already left.'
Yet = until now. the speaker is expecting something to happen.
(use yet only in questions and negative sentences)
Has it stopped raining yet?
-
A period of time that continues from the past until now.
Have you ever eaten caviar?
We've never had a car.
Emma really loves that film. She's seen it eight times!
been (to) = visited
I've never been to Italy. Have you been there?
지금(now)까지의 기간을 나타내는
recently / in the last few days / so far / since breakfact 등과 함께 사용
Everything is going well. I haven't had any problems so far.
I'm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast.
It's good to see you again. We haven't seen each other for a long time.
today, this evening, this year 등과 함께 사용
when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I've drunk three cups of coffee today.
I haven't seen Emma this morning. Have you?
Tom hasn't worked very hard this term.
It's the (first) time something has happened.
It's the first time Tom has driven a car.
Tom is phoning his girlfriend again. That's the third time he's phoned her this evening.
* 표현 정리
Emma can't walk and her leg is in plaster. She has broken her leg.
Last week the bus fare was £1.90. Not it's £2. The bus fare has gone up.
Tom didn't have a beard before. Now he has a beard. Tom has grown a beard.
The temperature was 21 degrees. Now it's only 11. The temperature has fallen.
Tom is on holiday. He's gone to France.
'Are you going to the bank?' 'No, I've already been to the bank.'
'Do you know where Emma is?' 'Yes, I've just seen her.'
'Is Emma coming to the cinema with us?' 'No, she's already seen the film.'
'What does Tom think about your plan?' 'We haven't told him yet.'
After lunch you go to see a friend at her house.
Tom goes out. 5 mis later, the phone rings and the caller says, 'Can I speak to Tom?' 'I'm afraid he's just gone out.'
You're eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you've finished and starts to take your plate away. 'I haven't finished yet.'
'Shall I phone to reserve a table?' 'No, I've already done it.'
-
Have you ever ridden a horse?
I've no idea. I haven't been there.(=I've never been there.)
Mike was late for work again today. Again? He's been late every day this week.
Who's that woman by the door? I don't know. I haven't seen her before.
I haven't eaten any fruit today.
This is the first time I've played tennis.
He is in Korea. He's just arrived and it's very new for him.
Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)
현재 완료 진행형
An activity that has recently stopped or just stopped.
There is a connection with now.
It has been raining. (The ground is wet but it's not raining now)
You're out of breath. Have you been running? (= you're out of breath now)
Where have you been? I've been looking for you everywhere.
Use especially with how long, for... and since...
The activity is still happening or has just stopped.
It has been raining for two hours.(It began raining two hours ago and it's still raining.)
Emma hasn't been feeling well recently.
Use for actions repeated over a period of time
Every morning they meet in the same café. They've been going there for years.
* 표현 정리
Have you been waiting long?
I've been thinking about what you said and I've decided to take your advice.
Emma is very tired. She's been working very hard recently.
Present perfect vs present perfect continuous (I have done and I have been doing)
현재 완료형 vs 현재 완료 진행형
| Present perfect | Present perfect continuous |
| (I have done) Something has been finished. We're interested in the result of the activity(the painted bedroom), not the activity itself. She has painted her bedroom. Somebody has eaten all the chocolates. The box is empty. |
(I have been doing) We are thinking of the activity. It does not matter whether it has been finished or not. The activity(painting the bedroom) has not been finished. She has been painting her bedroom. Tom has been eating too much recently. |
| To say how much, how many or how many times How much of that book have you read? I'm learning Spanish, but I haven't learnt very much yet. |
To say how long (for something that is still happening) How long have you been reading that book? I'm learning Spanish, but I haven't been learning it very long. |
| know / like / believe는 주로 진행형에서 쓰이지 않음 I've known about the problem for a long time. How long have you had that camera? |
want / mean은 현재완료진행형에서 사용가능함 I've been meaning to phone Tom, but I keep forgetting. |
Present perfect (simple/continuous) : something that began in the past and still continues now.
Tom is in hospital. He's been in hospital since Monday.
She's been waiting all morning.
When we ask or say 'how long', the continuous is more usual.
I've been learning Enlgish for seven months.
It's been raining since lunchtime.
Some verbs(know / like / believe) are not normally used in the continuous.
How long have you known Emma?
I've had a pain in my stomach all day.
Present perfect (continuous, simple) : live / work
Emma has been living / has lived here for a long time.
How long have you been working / have you worked here?
I've always lived in the country.
Present perfect simple : I haven't done something since/for...
I haven't seen Tom since Monday. (= Monday was the last itme I saw him)
Emma hasn't phoned for ages. (= the last time she phoned was ages ago)
-
Use for / since to say how long something has been happening.
| for + a period of time | since + the start of a period |
| I've been waiting for two hours. for two hours / 20 minutes / 7 days a long time / seven months / 30 years a week / ages / years |
I've been waiting since 8 o'clock. since 8 o'clock / Monday / 21 March February / 2010 / Christmas lunchtime / we arrigved / I got up |
| Leave out 'for' (but not usually in negative sentences) They've been married (for) ten years. They haven't had a holiday for ten years. Use 'in' instead of 'for' in negative sentences. They haven't had a holiday in ten years. |
It's a long time since something happened. It's been seven months since something happened. It's ages since we went to the cinema. It's been agaes since ... |
| Do not use 'for + all ...' (all day / all my life etc.) I've lived here all my life. |
* 표현 정리
They've been making films since they left college.
You see somebody fishing by the river. 'Have you caught any fish?
How long have you been saving money to go on a world trip?
My brother is an actor. He's appeared in several films.
'Sorry I'm late.' 'That's all right. I haven't been waiting long.'
'Is it still raining?' 'No, it's stopped.'
I've lost my phone. Have you seen it anywhere?'
I haven't finished it yet.
-
Tom and Emma have been married for 20 years.
I don't know Tom well. We've only met a few times.
I gave up drinking coffee. I haven't drunk it for a year.
How long have you been having guitar lessons?
I've had a headache all morning.
I've been feeling ill all day.
I haven't been to the cinema for ages.
-
I'm tired of waiting. We've been sitting here for an hour.
Emma has been looking for a job since he left school.
I haven't been to a party for ages.
Tom is away. He's been away since Friday.
How long have they been married?
Do you often go on holiday?
Present perfect vs past (I have done and I did)
현재 완료형 vs 과거형
| Present perfect | Past |
| (I have done) Tom has lost his key. = he doesn't have his key now |
(I did) Tom lost his key. = this doesn't tall us whether he has the key now or not. It tells us only that he lost his key at some time in the past. |
| They've gone away. They'll be back on Friday. (they are away now) It has stopped raining now, so we don't need the umbrella. (it isn't raining now) |
They went away, but I think they're back at home now. It stopped raining for a while, but now it's raining again. |
| A period of time that continues until now. I've done a lot of work today. It hasn't rained this week. Have you seen Tom this morning? (it is still morning) We've been waiting for an hour. (we are still waiting now) It's the last day of your holiday : It's been a really good holiday. I've really enjoyed it. |
A finished time in the past. I did a lot of work yesterday. It didn't rain last week. Did you see Tom this morning? (it is now afternoon or evening) We waited (or were waiting) for an hour. (we are no longer waiting) After you come back from holiday : It was a really good holiday. I really enjoyed it. |
* 표현 정리
Ow! I've burnt myself.
I picked up a hot dish.
Somebody has spilt something on the sofa.
Our car has broken down.
She's given up her job.
My mother grew up in Italy.
I've cut my finger. It's bleeding.
Drugs have become a big problem everywhere.
Where were you born?
Emma isn't at home. She's gone shopping.
It stopped raining for a while, but now it's raining again.
I applied for a job as a tourist guide, but I wasn't successful.
Where's my bike? It was outside the house, but it's not there now.
Quick! We need to call an ambulance. There's been an accident.
Have you heard about Tom? He's broken his arm.
He fell off a ladder.
-
I was very tired and went straight to bed.
I'm very hungry. I haven't eaten much today.
The weather has been cold recently.
The bus drivers were on strike last week. There were no buses.
It's nearly lunchtime, and I haven't seen Tom all morning.
Past perfect
과거완료형
had + past participle(=p.p.)
Emma가 지난주에 파티를 갔고, Tom도 갔는데
Tom은 10시 30분에 집에 돌아갔고, Emma는 11시에 파티에 도착해서
서로 만나지 못한 상황
When Emma arrived at the party, Tom had already gone home.
* 표현 정리
When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.
At first I thought I'd done the right thing, but I soon realised that I'd made a big mistake.
Past perfect continuous
과거완료 진행
had been -ing
어제 아침 일어나서 창문 밖을 보니 해는 쨍쨍한데 땅은 젖어있는 상황
It had been raining.
일 끝나고 집에 왔는데 엄청 피곤했고, 하루 종일 열심히 일했던 상황
I was very tired when I got home. I'd been working hard all day.
Something had been happening for a period of time before something else happened.
We'd been playing tennis for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily.
Tom went to the doctor last Friday. He hadn't been feeling well for some time.
방문해주셔서 감사합니다^^
댓글