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Questions
In questions we usually put the subject after the first verb. verb + subject Will Tom be here tomorrow? Is Emma working today? |
In present simple questions, we use do/does. Do you live near here? In past simple questions, we use did. Did you sell your car? But do not use do/does/did if who/what etc. is the subject of the sentence. who object : Emma phoned somebody. → Who did Emma phone? who subject : somebody phoned Emma. → Who phoned Emma? In these examples, who/what etc. is the subject. Who wants something do eat? What happened to you last night? How many people came to the meeting? Which bus goes to the centre? |
Note the position of prepositions in questions beginning Who/What/Which/Where ...? Who do you want to speak to? What was the weather like yesterday? Which job has Emma applied for? Where are you from? You can use preposition + whom in formal style. To whom do you wish to speak? |
Isn't it ...? / Didn't you ...? etc. (negative questions) We use negative questions especially to show surprise. Didn't you hear the doorbell? I rang it three times. or when we expect the listener to agree with us. 'Haven't we met before?' 'Yes, I think we have.' Note the meaning of yes and no in answers to negative questions. Don't you want to go? Yes.(= Yes, I want to go) / No. (= No, I don't want to go) Note the word order in negative questions beginning Why ...?. Why don't we eat out tonight Why wasn't Emma at work yesterday? |
Do you know where ...? / I don't know why ... / Could you tell me what ...? etc. Where has Tom gone? → Do you know where Tom has gone? When the questions (Where has Tom gone?) is part of a longer sentence (Do you know ...? / I don't know ... / Can you tell me ...? etc.), the word order changes. What time is it? → Do you know what time it is? Who are those poeple? → I don't know who those people are. Where can I find Tom? → Can you tell me where I can find Tom? How much will it cost? → Do you have any idea how much it will cost? Be careful with do/does/did questions. What time does the film start? → Do you know what time the film starts? What do you mean? → Please explain what you mean. Why did she leave early? → I wonder why she left early. Use if or whether where there is no other question word (what, why etc.) Did anybody see you? → Do you know if/whether anybody saw you? |
He asked me where ... (reported questions) The same changes in word order happen in reported questions. The police officer said to us 'Where are you going?' → The police officer asked us where we were going. (reported) Emma said 'What time do the banks close?' → Emma wanted to know what time the banks closed. (reported) In reported speech the verb usually changed to the past. Are you willing to travel? → She asked if/whether I was willing to travel. What do you do in your spare time? → She wanted to know what I did in my spare time. How long have you been working in your present job? → She asked how long I had been working in my present job. Why did you apply for the job? → She asked why I (had) applied for the job. Can you speak any other languages? → She wanted to know if/whether I could speak any other languages. Do you have a driving license? → She asked if/whether I had a driving license. |
Auxiliary verbs
auxiliary verb + main verb have/can't/was/do are auxiliary (= helping) verbs. You can use an auxiliary verb when you don't want to repeat something. 'Have you locked the door?' 'Yes, I have.' (= I have locked the door) Tom wasn't working, but Emma was. (= Emma was working) Emma could lend me the money, but she won't. (= she won't lend me the money) Use do/does/did for the present and past simple. 'Do you like onions?' 'Yes, I do.' (= I like onions) 'Does Tom live in London?' 'He did, but he doesn't any more.' You can use auxiliary verbs to deny what somebody says (= say it is not true) 'You're sitting in my placee.' 'No, I'm not.' (= I'm not sitting in your place) 'You didn't lock the door before you left.' 'Yes, I did.' (= I locked the door) |
We use have you? / isn't she? / do they? etc. to show interest in what somebody has said, or to show surprise. 'Emma isn't very well today.' 'Oh, isn't she? What's wrong with her?' 'It rained every day during our holiday.' 'Did it? What a shame!' We use auxiliary verbs with so and neither. 'I'm tired.' 'So am I.' (= I'm tired too) 'I've necer read newspapers.' 'Neither do I.' (= I never read newspapers either) Emma hasn't got a car and neither has Tom. Note the word order after so and neither (verb before subject) I passed the exam and so did Tom. Instead of neither, you can use nor. You can also use not ... either. 'I don't know.' 'Neither do I.' / 'Nor do I.' / 'I don't either.' |
I think so / I hope so / I guess so / I'm afraid so After some verbs we use so when we don't want to repeat something. 'Are those people Korean?' 'I think so.'(= I think they are Korean) 'Will you be at home this evening?' 'I expect so.'(= I expect I'll be at home ...) 'Do you think Emma has been invited to the party?' 'I suppose so.' The usual negative forms are I don't thik so / I don't expect so I hope not / I'm afraid not / I guess not I don't suppose so / I suppose not |
Questions tags
Have you? and wasn't it? are quesion tags (= mini-questions that we often put on the end of a sentence in spoken English.) In question tags, we use an auxiliary verb. We use do/does/did for the present and past simple. 'Emma plays the piano, doesn't she?' 'Well, yes, but not very well.' 'You didn't lock the door, did you?' 'No, I forgot.' Normally we use a negative quesiton tag after a positive sentence. positive sentence + negative tag Emma will be here soon, won't she? There was a lot of traffic, wasn't there? and a positive question tag after a negative sentence. Emma won't be late, will she? They don't like us, do they? You haven't eaten yet, have you? Notice the meaning of yes and no in answer to a negative sentence. You're not going out today, are you? Yes. (= Yes, I am going out) / No. (= No, I am not going out) |
The meaning of a question tag depends on how you say it. If you voice goes down, you are not really asking a question; you are only inviting the listener to agree with you. 'It's a nice day, isn't it?' 'Yes, beautiful.' 'Emma's very funny. She's got a great sense of humour, hasn't she?' 'Yes, she has.' But if the voice goes up, it is a real question. 'You haven't seen Emma today, have you?' 'No, I haven't.' (= Have you by chance see Emma today?' You can use a negative sentence + positive tag to ask for things or information, or to ask somebody to do something. The voice goes up at the end of the tag in sentences. 'You haven't got a pen, have you?' 'Yes, here you are.' 'You couldn't do me a favour, could you?' 'It depends what it is.' |
After Let's ... , the question tag is shall we. Let's go for a walk, shall we? (the voice goes up) After Don't ... , the question tag is will you. Don't be late, will you? (the voice does down) After I'm ... , the negative question tag is aren't I (= am I not) 'I'm right, aren't I?' 'Yes, you are.' |
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