Spelling

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Spelling

a e i o u are vowel letters.
The other letters are consonant letters.

noun + -s / -es (plural) verb + -s / -es (after he / she / it) verb + -ing verb + -ed adjective + -er (comparative) adjective + -est (superlative) adjective + -ly (adverb)

books / matches works / washes working / enjoying worked / enjoyed cheaper / quicker cheapest / quickest cheaply / quickly

When we use these endings, there are sometimes changes in spelling. These changes are listed below.



Nouns and verbs + -s / -es
The ending is -es when the word ends in -s / -ss / -sh / -ch / -x

bus / buses	miss / misses	wash / washes
match / matches	search / searches	box / boxes

potato / potatoes	tomato / tomatoes
do / does	go / goes

Words ending in -y

If a word ends in a consonant + y y changes to ie before the ending -s. baby / babies story / stories. country / countries. secretary / secretaries hurry / hurries. study / studies apply / applies. try / tries y changes to i before the ending -ed. hurry / hurried. study / studied. apply / applied try / tried y changes to i before the endings -er and -est. easy / easier / easiest. heavy / heavier / heaviest. lucky / luckier / luckiest

y does not change before -ing.
hurrying / studying / applying / trying

y does not change if the word ends in a vowel + y
play / plays / played monkey / monkeys enjoy / enjoys / enjoyed buy / buys

an exception is : day / daily
Note also : pay / paid lay / laid say / said



Verbs ending in -ie.
If a verbs ends in -ie, ie changes to y before the ending -ing.
die / dying lie / lying tie / tying



Words ending in -e.

Verbs If a verb end in -e, we leave out e before the ending -ing. hope / hoping smile / smiling dance / dancing confuse / confusing Exceptions are be / being and verbs ending in -ee. see / seeing agree / agreeing If a verbs ends in -e, we add -d for the past (of regular verbs) hope / hoped smile / smiled dance / danced confuse / confused

Adjectives and adverbs If an adjective ends in -ed, we add -r and -st for the comparative and superlative. wide / wider / widest late / later / latest large / larger / largest If an adjective ends in -e, we keep e before -ly in the adverbs. polite / politely extreme / extremely absolute / absolutely If an adjective ends in -le, the adverb ending is -ply, -bly etc. simple / simply terrible / terribly reasonable / reasonably

Double consonants
Sometimes a word ends in vowel + consonant : stop / plan / rub / big / wet / thin / prefer / regret
Before the endings -ing / -ed / -er /-est, we double the consonant at the end. So p → pp, n → nn etc.

stop	p → pp	stopping	stopped
plan	n → nn	planning	planned
rub	b → bb	rubbing	rubbed
big	g → gg	bigger	biggest
wet	t → tt	wetter	wettest
thin	n → nn	thinner	thinnest

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